The Palácio Nacional da Ajuda sits on the hill above Belém in western Lisbon, an uphill kilometre from the Jerónimos Monastery and the Coach Museum. It was begun in 1796 under Queen Maria I as the replacement for the Paço da Ribeira, the medieval Lisbon royal palace destroyed in the 1755 earthquake. The first design, by Manuel Caetano de Sousa, was late baroque; after revisions by the Italian-trained architects Francisco Xavier Fabri and António Francisco Rosa, the project shifted to a restrained late neoclassical idiom — and was never fully completed. The southern wing remains structurally unfinished, the original plans for a vast forecourt and parade-ground were never realised, and the palace stands today as the most ambitious unfinished royal project in Portugal.
From 1861 the palace served as the official residence of the Portuguese royal family. King Luís I and Queen Maria Pia of Savoy made it their permanent home; their grandson Manuel II was the last monarch to live there. The dynasty's residence ended abruptly on 5 October 1910, when the republican revolution in Lisbon forced the royal family into exile. They left the palace as they had used it the night before — and the throne room, the state banquet hall (Sala D. João VI), the music room, and the private royal apartments remain laid out today substantially as the Braganza family abandoned them.
Two years before the revolution, on 1 February 1908, King Carlos I and his eldest son Crown Prince Luís Filipe had been assassinated in the Terreiro do Paço in central Lisbon — the regicide that effectively ended the political viability of the Portuguese monarchy. The teenage Manuel II ascended the throne, lived briefly at Ajuda, and was forced into permanent English exile within two years. The palace was nationalised, opened to the public as a museum, and has been operated since by what is now Museus e Monumentos de Portugal.
In December 2022 the Tesouro Real — the crown jewels of Portugal — opened to the public in a purpose-built treasury wing on the south side of the palace. The collection includes the royal regalia, ceremonial swords, gold and silver tableware, and the jewels worn by the Braganza queens and princesses across the nineteenth century. Its opening transformed Ajuda from a quieter heritage site into one of the most significant new museum openings in Lisbon in the last decade, and it is now the principal draw alongside the preserved state rooms.